From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
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[Laws in effect as of January 24, 2002]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
  January 24, 2002 and December 19, 2002]
[CITE: 12USC1813]

 
                       TITLE 12--BANKS AND BANKING
 
            CHAPTER 16--FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION
 
Sec. 1813. Definitions

    As used in this chapter--
    (a) Definitions of Bank and Related Terms.--
        (1) Bank.--The term ``bank''--
            (A) means any national bank, State bank, and District bank, 
        and any Federal branch and insured branch;
            (B) includes any former savings association that--
                (i) has converted from a savings association charter; 
            and
                (ii) is a Savings Association Insurance Fund member.

        (2) State bank.--The term ``State bank'' means any bank, banking 
    association, trust company, savings bank, industrial bank (or 
    similar depository institution which the Board of Directors finds to 
    be operating substantially in the same manner as an industrial 
    bank), or other banking institution which--
            (A) is engaged in the business of receiving deposits, other 
        than trust funds (as defined in this section); and
            (B) is incorporated under the laws of any State or which is 
        operating under the Code of Law for the District of Columbia 
        (except a national bank),

    including any cooperative bank or other unincorporated bank the 
    deposits of which were insured by the Corporation on the day before 
    August 9, 1989.
        (3) State.--The term ``State'' means any State of the United 
    States, the District of Columbia, any territory of the United 
    States, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Trust Territory of 
    the Pacific Islands, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana 
    Islands.
        (4) District bank.--The term ``District bank'' means any State 
    bank operating under the Code of Law of the District of Columbia.

    (b) Definition of Savings Associations and Related Terms.--
        (1) Savings association.--The term ``savings association'' 
    means--
            (A) any Federal savings association;
            (B) any State savings association; and
            (C) any corporation (other than a bank) that the Board of 
        Directors and the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision 
        jointly determine to be operating in substantially the same 
        manner as a savings association.

        (2) Federal savings association.--The term ``Federal savings 
    association'' means any Federal savings association or Federal 
    savings bank which is chartered under section 1464 of this title.
        (3) State savings association.--The term ``State savings 
    association'' means--
            (A) any building and loan association, savings and loan 
        association, or homestead association; or
            (B) any cooperative bank (other than a cooperative bank 
        which is a State bank as defined in subsection (a)(2) of this 
        section),

    which is organized and operating according to the laws of the State 
    (as defined in subsection (a)(3) of this section) in which it is 
    chartered or organized.

    (c) Definitions Relating to Depository Institutions.--
        (1) Depository institution.--The term ``depository institution'' 
    means any bank or savings association.
        (2) Insured depository institution.--The term ``insured 
    depository institution'' means any bank or savings association the 
    deposits of which are insured by the Corporation pursuant to this 
    chapter.
        (3) Institutions included for certain purposes.--The term 
    ``insured depository institution'' includes any uninsured branch or 
    agency of a foreign bank or a commercial lending company owned or 
    controlled by a foreign bank for purposes of section 1818 of this 
    title.
        (4) Federal depository institution.--The term ``Federal 
    depository institution'' means any national bank, any Federal 
    savings association, and any Federal branch.
        (5) State depository institution.--The term ``State depository 
    institution'' means any State bank, any State savings association, 
    and any insured branch which is not a Federal branch.

    (d) Definitions Relating to Member Banks.--
        (1) National member bank.--The term ``national member bank'' 
    means any national bank which is a member of the Federal Reserve 
    System.
        (2) State member bank.--The term ``State member bank'' means any 
    State bank which is a member of the Federal Reserve System.

    (e) Definitions Relating to Nonmember Banks.--
        (1) National nonmember bank.--The term ``national nonmember 
    bank'' means any national bank which--
            (A) is located in any territory of the United States, Puerto 
        Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands, or the Northern 
        Mariana Islands; and
            (B) is not a member of the Federal Reserve System.

        (2) State nonmember bank.--The term ``State nonmember bank'' 
    means any State bank which is not a member of the Federal Reserve 
    System.

    (f) The term ``mutual savings bank'' means a bank without capital 
stock transacting a savings bank business, the net earnings of which 
inure wholly to the benefit of its depositors after payment of 
obligations for any advances by its organizers.
    (g) Savings Bank.--The term ``savings bank'' means a bank (including 
a mutual savings bank) which transacts its ordinary banking business 
strictly as a savings bank under State laws imposing special 
requirements on such banks governing the manner of investing their funds 
and of conducting their business.
    (h) The term ``insured bank'' means any bank (including a foreign 
bank having an insured branch) the deposits of which are insured in 
accordance with the provisions of this chapter; and the term 
``noninsured bank'' means any bank the deposits of which are not so 
insured.
    (i) New Bank and Bridge Bank Defined.--
        (1) New bank.--The term ``new bank'' means a new national bank, 
    other than a bridge bank, organized by the Corporation in accordance 
    with section 1821(m) of this title.
        (2) Bridge bank.--The term ``bridge bank'' means a new national 
    bank organized by the Corporation in accordance with section 1821(n) 
    of this title.

    (j) The term ``receiver'' includes a receiver, liquidating agent, 
conservator, commission, person, or other agency charged by law with the 
duty of winding up the affairs of a bank or savings association or of a 
branch of a foreign bank.
    (k) The term ``Board of Directors'' means the Board of Directors of 
the Corporation.
    (l) The term ``deposit'' means--
        (1) the unpaid balance of money or its equivalent received or 
    held by a bank or savings association in the usual course of 
    business and for which it has given or is obligated to give credit, 
    either conditionally or unconditionally, to a commercial, checking, 
    savings, time, or thrift account, or which is evidenced by its 
    certificate of deposit, thrift certificate, investment certificate, 
    certificate of indebtedness, or other similar name, or a check or 
    draft drawn against a deposit account and certified by the bank or 
    savings association, or a letter of credit or a traveler's check on 
    which the bank or savings association is primarily liable: Provided, 
    That, without limiting the generality of the term ``money or its 
    equivalent'', any such account or instrument must be regarded as 
    evidencing the receipt of the equivalent of money when credited or 
    issued in exchange for checks or drafts or for a promissory note 
    upon which the person obtaining any such credit or instrument is 
    primarily or secondarily liable, or for a charge against a deposit 
    account, or in settlement of checks, drafts, or other instruments 
    forwarded to such bank or savings association for collection.
        (2) trust funds as defined in this chapter received or held by 
    such bank or savings association, whether held in the trust 
    department or held or deposited in any other department of such bank 
    or savings association.
        (3) money received or held by a bank or savings association, or 
    the credit given for money or its equivalent received or held by a 
    bank or savings association, in the usual course of business for a 
    special or specific purpose, regardless of the legal relationship 
    thereby established, including without being limited to, escrow 
    funds, funds held as security for an obligation due to the bank or 
    savings association or others (including funds held as dealers 
    reserves) or for securities loaned by the bank or savings 
    association, funds deposited by a debtor to meet maturing 
    obligations, funds deposited as advance payment on subscriptions to 
    United States Government securities, funds held for distribution or 
    purchase of securities, funds held to meet its acceptances or 
    letters of credit, and withheld taxes: Provided, That there shall 
    not be included funds which are received by the bank or savings 
    association for immediate application to the reduction of an 
    indebtedness to the receiving bank or savings association, or under 
    condition that the receipt thereof immediately reduces or 
    extinguishes such an indebtedness.
        (4) outstanding draft (including advice or authorization to 
    charge a bank's or a savings association's balance in another bank 
    or savings association), cashier's check, money order, or other 
    officer's check issued in the usual course of business for any 
    purpose, including without being limited to those issued in payment 
    for services, dividends, or purchases, and
        (5) such other obligations of a bank or savings association as 
    the Board of Directors, after consultation with the Comptroller of 
    the Currency, Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision, and the 
    Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, shall find and 
    prescribe by regulation to be deposit liabilities by general usage, 
    except that the following shall not be a deposit for any of the 
    purposes of this chapter or be included as part of the total 
    deposits or of an insured deposit:
            (A) any obligation of a depository institution which is 
        carried on the books and records of an office of such bank or 
        savings association located outside of any State, unless--
                (i) such obligation would be a deposit if it were 
            carried on the books and records of the depository 
            institution, and would be payable at, an office located in 
            any State; and
                (ii) the contract evidencing the obligation provides by 
            express terms, and not by implication, for payment at an 
            office of the depository institution located in any State;

            (B) any international banking facility deposit, including an 
        international banking facility time deposit, as such term is 
        from time to time defined by the Board of Governors of the 
        Federal Reserve System in regulation D or any successor 
        regulation issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal 
        Reserve System; and
            (C) any liability of an insured depository institution that 
        arises under an annuity contract, the income of which is tax 
        deferred under section 72 of title 26.

    (m) Insured Deposit.--
        (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), the term ``insured 
    deposit'' means the net amount due to any depositor for deposits in 
    an insured depository institution as determined under sections 
    1817(i) and 1821(a) of this title.
        (2) In the case of any deposit in a branch of a foreign bank, 
    the term ``insured deposit'' means an insured deposit as defined in 
    paragraph (1) of this subsection which--
            (A) is payable in the United States to--
                (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the 
            United States,
                (ii) a partnership, corporation, trust, or other legally 
            cognizable entity created under the laws of the United 
            States or any State and having its principal place of 
            business within the United States or any State, or
                (iii) an individual, partnership, corporation, trust, or 
            other legally cognizable entity which is determined by the 
            Board of Directors in accordance with its regulations to 
            have such business or financial relationships in the United 
            States as to make the insurance of such deposit consistent 
            with the purposes of this chapter;

        and
            (B) meets any other criteria prescribed by the Board of 
        Directors by regulation as necessary or appropriate in its 
        judgment to carry out the purposes of this chapter or to 
        facilitate the administration thereof.

        (3) Uninsured deposits.--The term ``uninsured deposit'' means 
    the amount of any deposit of any depositor at any insured depository 
    institution in excess of the amount of the insured deposits of such 
    depositor (if any) at such depository institution.
        (4) Preferred deposits.--The term ``preferred deposits'' means 
    deposits of any public unit (as defined in paragraph (1)) at any 
    insured depository institution which are secured or collateralized 
    as required under State law.

    (n) The term ``transferred deposit'' means a deposit in a new bank 
or other insured depository institution made available to a depositor by 
the Corporation as payment of the insured deposit of such depositor in a 
closed bank, and assumed by such new bank or other insured depository 
institution.
    (o) The term ``domestic branch'' includes any branch bank, branch 
office, branch agency, additional office, or any branch place of 
business located in any State of the United States or in any Territory 
of the United States, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Trust 
Territory of the Pacific Islands, or the Virgin Islands at which 
deposits are received or checks paid or money lent. The term ``domestic 
branch'' does not include an automated teller machine or a remote 
service unit. The term ``foreign branch'' means any office or place of 
business located outside the United States, its territories, Puerto 
Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, 
or the Virgin Islands, at which banking operations are conducted.
    (p) The term ``trust funds'' means funds held by an insured 
depository institution in a fiduciary capacity and includes, without 
being limited to, funds held as trustee, executor, administrator, 
guardian, or agent.
    (q) Appropriate Federal Banking Agency.--The term ``appropriate 
Federal banking agency'' means--
        (1) the Comptroller of the Currency, in the case of any national 
    banking association, any District bank, or any Federal branch or 
    agency of a foreign bank;
        (2) the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, in the 
    case of--
            (A) any State member insured bank (except a District bank),
            (B) any branch or agency of a foreign bank with respect to 
        any provision of the Federal Reserve Act [12 U.S.C. 221 et seq.] 
        which is made applicable under the International Banking Act of 
        1978 [12 U.S.C. 3101 et seq.],
            (C) any foreign bank which does not operate an insured 
        branch,
            (D) any agency or commercial lending company other than a 
        Federal agency,
            (E) supervisory or regulatory proceedings arising from the 
        authority given to the Board of Governors under section 7(c)(1) 
        of the International Banking Act of 1978 [12 U.S.C. 3105(c)(1)], 
        including such proceedings under the Financial Institutions 
        Supervisory Act of 1966, and
            (F) any bank holding company and any subsidiary of a bank 
        holding company (other than a bank);

        (3) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the case of a 
    State nonmember insured bank (except a District bank), or a foreign 
    bank having an insured branch; and
        (4) the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision in the case 
    of any savings association or any savings and loan holding company.

Under the rule set forth in this subsection, more than one agency may be 
an appropriate Federal banking agency with respect to any given 
institution.
    (r) State Bank Supervisor.--
        (1) In general.--The term ``State bank supervisor'' means any 
    officer, agency, or other entity of any State which has primary 
    regulatory authority over State banks or State savings associations 
    in such State.
        (2) Interstate application.--The State bank supervisors of more 
    than 1 State may be the appropriate State bank supervisor for any 
    insured depository institution.

    (s) Definitions Relating to Foreign Banks and Branches.--
        (1) Foreign bank.--The term ``foreign bank'' has the meaning 
    given to such term by section 1(b)(7) of the International Banking 
    Act of 1978 [12 U.S.C. 3101(b)(7)].
        (2) Federal branch.--The term ``Federal branch'' has the meaning 
    given to such term by section 1(b)(6) of the International Banking 
    Act of 1978 [12 U.S.C. 3101(b)(6)].
        (3) Insured branch.--The term ``insured branch'' means any 
    branch (as defined in section 1(b)(3) of the International Banking 
    Act of 1978 [12 U.S.C. 3101(b)(3)]) of a foreign bank any deposits 
    in which are insured pursuant to this chapter.

    (t) Includes, Including.--
        (1) In general.--The terms ``includes'' and ``including'' shall 
    not be construed more restrictively than the ordinary usage of such 
    terms so as to exclude any other thing not referred to or described.
        (2) Rule of construction.--Paragraph (1) shall not be construed 
    as creating any inference that the term ``includes'' or 
    ``including'' in any other provision of Federal law may be deemed to 
    exclude any other thing not referred to or described.

    (u) Institution-Affiliated Party.--The term ``institution-affiliated 
party'' means--
        (1) any director, officer, employee, or controlling stockholder 
    (other than a bank holding company) of, or agent for, an insured 
    depository institution;
        (2) any other person who has filed or is required to file a 
    change-in-control notice with the appropriate Federal banking agency 
    under section 1817(j) of this title;
        (3) any shareholder (other than a bank holding company), 
    consultant, joint venture partner, and any other person as 
    determined by the appropriate Federal banking agency (by regulation 
    or case-by-case) who participates in the conduct of the affairs of 
    an insured depository institution; and
        (4) any independent contractor (including any attorney, 
    appraiser, or accountant) who knowingly or recklessly participates 
    in--
            (A) any violation of any law or regulation;
            (B) any breach of fiduciary duty; or
            (C) any unsafe or unsound practice,

    which caused or is likely to cause more than a minimal financial 
    loss to, or a significant adverse effect on, the insured depository 
    institution.

    (v) Violation.--The term ``violation'' includes any action (alone or 
with another or others) for or toward causing, bringing about, 
participating in, counseling, or aiding or abetting a violation.
    (w) Definitions Relating to Affiliates of Depository Institutions.--
        (1) Depository institution holding company.--The term 
    ``depository institution holding company'' means a bank holding 
    company or a savings and loan holding company.
        (2) Bank holding company.--The term ``bank holding company'' has 
    the meaning given to such term in section 1841 of this title.
        (3) Savings and loan holding company.--The term ``savings and 
    loan holding company'' has the meaning given to such term in section 
    1467a of this title.
        (4) Subsidiary.--The term ``subsidiary''--
            (A) means any company which is owned or controlled directly 
        or indirectly by another company; and
            (B) includes any service corporation owned in whole or in 
        part by an insured depository institution or any subsidiary of 
        such a service corporation.

        (5) Control.--The term ``control'' has the meaning given to such 
    term in section 1841 of this title.
        (6) Affiliate.--The term ``affiliate'' has the meaning given to 
    such term in section 1841(k) of this title.
        (7) Company.--The term ``company'' has the same meaning as in 
    section 1841(b) of this title.

    (x) Definitions Relating to Default.--
        (1) Default.--The term ``default'' means, with respect to an 
    insured depository institution, any adjudication or other official 
    determination by any court of competent jurisdiction, the 
    appropriate Federal banking agency, or other public authority 
    pursuant to which a conservator, receiver, or other legal custodian 
    is appointed for an insured depository institution or, in the case 
    of a foreign bank having an insured branch, for such branch.
        (2) In danger of default.--The term ``in danger of default'' 
    means an insured depository institution with respect to which (or in 
    the case of a foreign bank having an insured branch, with respect to 
    such insured branch) the appropriate Federal banking agency or State 
    chartering authority has advised the Corporation (or, if the 
    appropriate Federal banking agency is the Corporation, the 
    Corporation has determined) that--
            (A) in the opinion of such agency or authority--
                (i) the depository institution or insured branch is not 
            likely to be able to meet the demands of the institution's 
            or branch's depositors or pay the institution's or branch's 
            obligations in the normal course of business; and
                (ii) there is no reasonable prospect that the depository 
            institution or insured branch will be able to meet such 
            demands or pay such obligations without Federal assistance; 
            or

            (B) in the opinion of such agency or authority--
                (i) the depository institution or insured branch has 
            incurred or is likely to incur losses that will deplete all 
            or substantially all of its capital; and
                (ii) there is no reasonable prospect that the capital of 
            the depository institution or insured branch will be 
            replenished without Federal assistance.

    (y) The term ``deposit insurance fund'' means the Bank Insurance 
Fund or the Savings Association Insurance Fund, as appropriate.
    (z) Federal Banking Agency.--The term ``Federal banking agency'' 
means the Comptroller of the Currency, the Director of the Office of 
Thrift Supervision, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve 
System, or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

(Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, Sec. 2[3], 64 Stat. 873; July 14, 1952, ch. 
725, 66 Stat. 605; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 852, Sec. 3, 70 Stat. 908; Pub. L. 
86-671, Sec. 1, July 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 546; Pub. L. 89-695, title II, 
Sec. 201, title III, Secs. 301(a), 303(a), Oct. 16, 1966, 80 Stat. 1046, 
1055, 1056; Pub. L. 91-151, Sec. 7(a)(1), Dec. 23, 1969, 83 Stat. 375; 
Pub. L. 91-609, title IX, Sec. 910(a)-(f), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1811, 
1812; Pub. L. 93-495, title I, Secs. 101(a)(1), 102(a)(1), Oct. 28, 
1974, 88 Stat. 1500, 1502; Pub. L. 95-369, Sec. 6(c)(2)-(6), Sept. 17, 
1978, 92 Stat. 614, 615; Pub. L. 95-630, title III, Sec. 301(a), Nov. 
10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3675; Pub. L. 96-221, title III, Sec. 308(a)(1)(A), 
Mar. 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 147; Pub. L. 97-110, title I, Secs. 102, 103(a), 
Dec. 26, 1981, 95 Stat. 1513; Pub. L. 97-320, title I, Sec. 113(a), (b), 
title VII, Sec. 703(a), (b), Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1473, 1538, 1539; 
Pub. L. 100-86, title I, Sec. 101(g)(1), title V, Sec. 503(b), Aug. 10, 
1987, 101 Stat. 563, 632; Pub. L. 101-73, title II, Secs. 201(a), 204, 
Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 187, 190; Pub. L. 102-242, title I, 
Secs. 111(e), 112(b), 131(c)(3), 141(f), 161(c), title III, 
Secs. 305(c), 311(b)(5)(A), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2242, 2266, 2278, 
2286, 2355, 2366; Pub. L. 102-550, title XVI, Secs. 1603(b)(2)(B), 
(d)(5), 1606(g)(2), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4079, 4080, 4089; Pub. L. 
103-204, Sec. 19(b), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2404; Pub. L. 103-325, 
title III, Sec. 326(b)(2), title VI, Sec. 602(a)(1), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 
Stat. 2229, 2288; Pub. L. 104-208, div. A, title II, Secs. 2205(b), 
2614(a), 2704(d)(6)(A), (14)(A), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009-405, 
3009-478, 3009-488, 3009-490.)

                       References in Text

    The Federal Reserve Act, referred to in subsec. (q)(2)(B), is act 
Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, 38 Stat. 251, as amended, which is classified 
principally to chapter 3 (Sec. 221 et seq.) of this title. For complete 
classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set 
out under section 226 of this title and Tables.
    The International Banking Act of 1978, referred to in subsec. 
(q)(2)(B), is Pub. L. 95-369, Sept. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 607, which 
enacted sections 347d, 611a, and 3101 to 3111 of this title, amended 
sections 72, 378, 614, 615, 618, 619, 1813, 1815, 1817, 1818, 1820, 
1821, 1822, 1823, 1828, 1829b, 1831b, and 1841 of this title, and 
enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 36, 247, 601, 611a, 
and 3101 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the 
Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3101 of this title and 
Tables.
    The Financial Institutions Supervisory Act of 1966, referred to in 
subsec. (q)(2)(E), is Pub. L. 89-695, Oct. 16, 1966, 80 Stat. 1028. For 
complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1966 
Amendment note set out under section 1464 of this title and Tables.


                            Prior Provisions

    Section is derived from subsec. (c) of former section 264 of this 
title. See Codification note set out under section 1811 of this title.


                               Amendments

    1996--Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 2704(d)(14)(A), which 
directed striking out subpar. (B) and adding a new subpar. (B), was not 
executed. See Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note below.
    Subsec. (l)(5)(C). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 2614(a), added subpar. (C).
    Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 2205(b), substituted ``lent. The 
term `domestic branch' does not include an automated teller machine or a 
remote service unit. The'' for ``lent; and the''.
    Subsec. (y). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 2704(d)(6)(A), which directed the 
general amendment of subsec. (y), was not executed. See Effective Date 
of 1996 Amendment note below.
    1994--Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 103-325, Sec. 602(a)(1)(A), 
substituted ``section 1821(m) of this title'' for ``section 1821(h) of 
this title''.
    Subsec. (l)(4). Pub. L. 103-325, Sec. 602(a)(1)(B), substituted ``a 
bank's or a'' for ``bank's or'' before ``savings association's 
balance''.
    Subsec. (l)(5)(A). Pub. L. 103-325, Sec. 326(b)(2), amended subpar. 
(A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: ``any 
obligation of a bank or savings association which is payable only at an 
office of such bank or savings association located outside of the States 
of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, 
American Samoa, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Virgin 
Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands; and''.
    Subsec. (q)(2)(E). Pub. L. 103-325, Sec. 602(a)(1)(C), substituted 
``Financial Institutions Supervisory Act of 1966'' for ``Depository 
Institutions Supervisory Act''.
    1993--Subsec. (w)(7). Pub. L. 103-204, Sec. 19(b)(2), added par. 
(7).
    Subsec. (z). Pub. L. 103-204, Sec. 19(b)(1), amended subsec. (z) 
generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (z) read as follows: ``Federal 
Banking Agencies.--The term `Federal banking agencies' means the Office 
of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Office of Thrift Supervision, 
the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Corporation.''
    1992--Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 102-550, Sec. 1606(g)(2), substituted 
``1821(n)'' for ``1821(i)''.
    Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 102-550, Sec. 1603(b)(2)(B), which directed the 
amendment of section 112 of the ``Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 
Improvement Act of 1992'', was executed by amending section 112 of Pub. 
L. 102-242, which is the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 
Improvement Act of 1991, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 
1991 Amendment note below.
    Subsec. (y). Pub. L. 102-550, Sec. 1603(d)(5), amended directory 
language of Pub. L. 102-242, Sec. 131(c)(3). See 1991 Amendment note 
below.
    1991--Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 102-242, Sec. 311(b)(5)(A), inserted 
heading.
    Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 102-242, Sec. 311(b)(5)(A), added par. (1) 
and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: ``Subject to the 
provisions of paragraph (2) of this subsection, the term `insured 
deposit' means the net amount due to any depositor (other than a 
depositor referred to in the third sentence of this subsection) for 
deposits in an insured depository institution (after deducting offsets) 
less any part thereof which is in excess of $100,000. Such net amount 
shall be determined according to such regulations as the Board of 
Directors may prescribe, and in determining the amount due to any 
depositor there shall be added together all deposits in the depository 
institution maintained in the same capacity and the same right for his 
benefit either in his own name or in the names of others except trust 
funds which shall be insured as provided in subsection (i) of section 
1817 of this title. Each officer, employee, or agent of the United 
States, of any State of the United States, of the District of Columbia, 
of any Territory of the United States, of Puerto Rico, of Guam, of 
American Samoa, of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, of the 
Virgin Islands, of the Northern Mariana Islands, of any county, of any 
municipality, or of any political subdivision thereof, herein called 
`public unit', having official custody of public funds and lawfully 
depositing the same in an insured depository institution shall, for the 
purpose of determining the amount of the insured deposits, be deemed a 
depositor in such custodial capacity separate and distinct from any 
other officer, employee, or agent of the same or any public unit having 
official custody of public funds and lawfully depositing the same in the 
same insured depository institution in custodial capacity. For the 
purpose of clarifying and defining the insurance coverage under this 
subsection and subsection (i) of section 1817 of this title, the 
Corporation is authorized to define, with such classifications and 
exceptions as it may prescribe, terms used in those subsections, in 
subsection (p) of this section, and in subsections (a) and (i) of 
section 1821 of this title and the extent of the insurance coverage 
resulting therefrom.''
    Subsec. (m)(3), (4). Pub. L. 102-242, Sec. 141(f), added pars. (3) 
and (4).
    Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 102-242, Sec. 112(b), as added by Pub. L. 102-
550, Sec. 1603(b)(2)(B), amended subsec. (r) generally. Prior to 
amendment, subsec. (r) read as follows: ``The terms `foreign bank' and 
`Federal branch' shall be construed consistently with the usage of such 
terms in the International Banking Act of 1978.''
    Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 102-242, Sec. 111(e), amended subsec. (s) 
generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (s) read as follows: ``The term 
`insured branch' means a branch of a foreign bank any deposits in which 
are insured in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.''
    Subsec. (w). Pub. L. 102-242, Sec. 161(c), substituted ``Affiliates 
of Depository Institutions'' for ``Holding Companies'' in heading.
    Subsec. (y). Pub. L. 102-242, Sec. 131(c)(3), as amended by Pub. L. 
102-550, Sec. 1603(d)(5), added subsec. (y).
    Subsec. (z). Pub. L. 102-242, Sec. 305(c), added subsec. (z).
    1989--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(a), amended subsec. (a) 
generally, substituting provisions defining ``bank'', ``State bank'', 
``State'', and ``District bank'' for provisions defining ``State bank'' 
and ``State''.
    Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(b), amended subsec. (b) 
generally, substituting provisions defining ``savings association'', 
``Federal savings association'', and ``State savings association'' for 
provisions defining ``State member bank'' and ``State nonmember bank''.
    Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(c), amended subsec. (c) 
generally, substituting definitions relating to depository institutions 
for definition of ``District bank''.
    Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(d), amended subsec. (d) 
generally, substituting provisions defining ``national member bank'' and 
``State member bank'' for provisions defining ``national member bank''.
    Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(e), amended subsec. (e) 
generally, substituting provisions defining ``national nonmember bank'' 
and ``State nonmember bank'' for provisions defining ``national 
nonmember bank''.
    Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(f)(1), inserted ``or savings 
association'' after ``of a bank''.
    Subsec. (l)(1) to (3). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(f)(2)(A), inserted 
``or savings association'' after ``a bank'', ``the bank'', ``receiving 
bank'', and ``such bank'' wherever appearing.
    Subsec. (l)(4). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(f)(2)(A), (B), inserted 
``or savings association'' after ``another bank'', and ``or savings 
association's'' after ``bank's''.
    Subsec. (l)(5). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(f)(2)(A), (C), inserted 
``or savings association'' after ``a bank'', and ``, Director of the 
Office of Thrift Supervision,'' after ``Comptroller of the Currency''.
    Subsec. (l)(5)(A). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(f)(2)(A), (D), inserted 
``or savings association'' after ``a bank'' and after ``such bank'', and 
substituted ``the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands'' for 
``and the Virgin Islands''.
    Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(f)(3)(A), substituted 
``deposits in the depository institution maintained'' for ``deposits in 
the bank maintained'' and inserted reference to the Northern Mariana 
Islands.
    Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 201(a), substituted ``insured depository 
institution'' for ``insured bank'' wherever appearing.
    Subsec. (m)(2). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(f)(3)(B), substituted 
``term'' for ``ther''.
    Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 201(a), substituted ``insured 
depository institution'' for ``insured bank'' wherever appearing.
    Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 201(a), substituted ``insured 
depository institution'' for ``insured bank''.
    Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(f)(4), amended subsec. (q) 
generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (q) read as follows: ``The term 
`appropriate Federal banking agency' shall mean--
        ``(1) the Comptroller of the Currency in the case of a national 
    banking association, a District bank, or a Federal branch or agency 
    of a foreign bank;
        ``(2) the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System--
            ``(A) in the case of a State member insured bank (except a 
        District bank),
            ``(B) in the case of any branch or agency of a foreign bank 
        with respect to any provision of the Federal Reserve Act which 
        is made applicable under the International Banking Act of 1978,
            ``(C) in the case of any foreign bank which does not operate 
        an insured branch,
            ``(D) in the case of any agency or commercial lending 
        company other than a Federal agency, and
            ``(E) in the case of supervisory or regulatory proceedings 
        arising from the authority given to the Board of Governors under 
        section 7(c)(1) of the International Banking Act of 1978, 
        including such proceedings under the Financial Institutions 
        Supervisory Act,
        ``(3) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the case of a 
    State nonmember insured Bank (except a District bank) or a foreign 
    bank having an insured branch; and
        ``(4) the Federal Home Loan Bank Board in the case of an insured 
    Federal savings bank.
Under the rule set forth in this subsection, more than one agency may be 
an appropriate Federal banking agency with respect to any given 
institution. For the purposes of subsections (b) through (n) of section 
1818 of this title, the term `insured bank' shall be deemed to include 
any uninsured branch or agency of a foreign bank or any commercial 
lending company owned or controlled by a foreign bank.''
    Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(f)(5), amended subsec. (t) 
generally, substituting provisions relating to definition and 
construction of ``includes'' and ``including'' for provisions defining 
``insured Federal savings bank''.
    Subsecs. (u) to (x). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 204(f)(6), added subsecs. 
(u) to (x).
    1987--Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 100-86, Sec. 101(g)(1), amended subsec. 
(g) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) read as follows: ``The 
term `savings bank' means a bank (other than a mutual savings bank) 
which transacts its The term `new bank' means a new national banking 
association organized by the Corporation to assume the insured deposits 
of an insured bank closed on account of inability to meet the demands of 
its depositors and otherwise to perform temporarily the functions 
prescribed in this chapter.ordinary banking business strictly as a 
savings bank under State laws imposing special requirements on such 
banks governing the manner of investing their funds and of conducting 
their business: Provided, That the bank maintains, until maturity date 
or until withdrawn, all deposits made with it (other than funds held by 
it in a fiduciary capacity) as time savings deposits of the specific 
term type or of the type where the right is reserved to the bank to 
require written notice before permitting withdrawal: Provided further, 
That such bank to be considered a savings bank must elect to become 
subject to regulations of the Corporation with respect to the redeposit 
of maturing deposits and prohibiting withdrawal of deposits by checking 
except in cases where such withdrawal was permitted by law on August 23, 
1935, from specifically designated deposit accounts totaling not more 
than 15 per centum of the bank's total deposits.''
    Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 100-86, Sec. 503(b), amended subsec. (i) 
generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (i) read as follows: ``The term 
`new bank' means a new national banking association organized by the 
Corporation to assume the insured deposits of an insured bank closed on 
account of inability to meet the demands of its depositors and otherwise 
to perform temporarily the functions prescribed in this chapter.''
    1982--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97-320, Sec. 703(a), inserted 
``industrial bank or similar financial institution which the Board of 
Directors finds to be operating substantially in the same manner as an 
industrial bank,'' before ``or other banking institution''.
    Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 97-320, Sec. 703(b), inserted ``thrift 
certificate, investment certificate, certificate of indebtedness, or 
other similar name,'' before ``or a check or draft drawn against a 
deposit account''.
    Subsec. (q)(4). Pub. L. 97-320, Sec. 113(a), added par. (4).
    Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 97-320, Sec. 113(b), added subsec. (t).
    1981--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97-110, Sec. 103(a)(1), inserted ``the 
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands,'' after ``American Samoa,'' 
wherever appearing.
    Subsec. (l)(5). Pub. L. 97-110, Sec. 102, reenacted without change 
the provisions preceding subpar. (A), redesignated remaining existing 
provisions as subpar. (A), inserted reference to banks located outside 
of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in subpar. (A) as thus 
redesignated, and added subpar. (B).
    Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 97-110, Sec. 103(a)(2), inserted ``of the 
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands,'' after ``American Samoa,''.
    Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 97-110, Sec. 103(a)(3), inserted ``the Trust 
Territory of the Pacific Islands,'' after ``American Samoa,'' wherever 
appearing.
    1980--Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 96-221 substituted ``$100,000'' for 
``$40,000''.
    1978--Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 95-369, Sec. 6(c)(2), inserted 
``(including a foreign bank having an insured branch)'' after ``The term 
`insured bank' means any bank''.
    Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 95-369, Sec. 6(c)(3), inserted ``or of a branch 
of a foreign bank'' after ``affairs of a bank''.
    Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 95-369, Sec. 6(c)(4), designated existing 
provisions as par. (1), inserted ``Subject to the provisions of 
paragraph (2) of this subsection'', and added par. (2).
    Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 95-630 inserted ``domestic'' before ``branch'' 
the first time it appeared, and inserted a definition of ``foreign 
branch'' at end.
    Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 95-369, Sec. 6(c)(5), inserted reference to a 
Federal branch or agency of a foreign bank in par. (1), designated 
existing provisions of par. (2) as par. (2)(A) and added subpars. (B) to 
(E), inserted reference to a foreign bank having an insured branch in 
par. (3), and inserted closing provisions relating to the number of 
agencies which may be an appropriate Federal banking agency, and 
defining ``insured bank'' for purposes of section 1818(b) to (n) of this 
title.
    Subsecs. (r), (s). Pub. L. 95-369, Sec. 6(c)(6), added subsecs. (r) 
and (s).
    1974--Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 93-495 inserted ``(other than a depositor 
referred to in the third sentence of this subsection)'' after ``net 
amount due to any depositor'', and substituted ``$40,000'' for 
``$20,000''.
    1970--Pub. L. 91-609 inserted reference to American Samoa in 
subsecs. (a), (d), (e), (l)(5), (m), and (o), respectively.
    1969--Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 91-151 substituted $20,000 for $15,000 in 
first sentence.
    1966--Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 89-695, Secs. 301(a), 303(a), substituted 
``$15,000'' for ``$10,000'' in first sentence and inserted sentence 
which, for purpose of clarifying and defining the insurance coverage 
under subsec. (m) of this section and section 1817(i) of this title, 
authorized the Corporation to define terms used in those provisions, 
subsec. (p) of this section, and section 1821(a) and (i) of this title 
and the extent of insurance coverage resulting therefrom, respectively.
    Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 89-695, Sec. 201, added subsec. (q).
    1960--Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 86-671 amended subsec. (l) generally, and 
among other changes, inserted in par. (1) ``or held'', ``either 
conditionally or unconditionally'', ``or a check or draft drawn against 
a deposit account and certified by the bank, or a letter of credit or a 
traveler's check on which the bank is primarily liable'', and inserted 
the proviso, added pars. (3) and (4), inserted provisions in par. (5) 
requiring the Board of Directors to consult with the Comptroller of the 
Currency and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and 
struck out provisions which permitted mainland banks to exclude from 
deposit insurance the deposits of any of its branches in the Virgin 
Islands.
    1956--Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 1, 1956, Sec. 3(a), inserted ``Guam,'' 
after ``Puerto Rico,'' and substituted a comma for the period and 
inserted ``and the word `State' means any State of the United States, 
the District of Columbia, any Territory of the United States, Puerto 
Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands''.
    Subsecs. (d), (e). Act Aug. 1, 1956, Sec. 3(b), inserted ``Guam,'' 
after ``Puerto Rico,''.
    Subsec. (l). Act Aug. 1, 1956, Sec. 3(c), inserted ``Guam,'' after 
``Puerto Rico,'' in first proviso.
    Subsec. (m). Act Aug. 1, 1956, Sec. 3(d), inserted ``of Guam,'' 
after ``of Puerto Rico,''.
    Subsec. (o). Act Aug. 1, 1956, Sec. 3(b), inserted ``Guam,'' after 
``Puerto Rico,''.
    1952--Subsec. (l). Act July 14, 1952, made it compulsory for banks 
having branches in Puerto Rico to insure their deposits.


                    Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

    Section 2614(b) of div. A of Pub. L. 104-208 provided that: ``The 
amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to 
any liability of an insured depository that arises under an annuity 
contract issued on or after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 
1996].''
    Amendment by section 2704(d)(6)(A), (14)(A) of Pub. L. 104-208 
effective Jan. 1, 1999, if no insured depository institution is a 
savings association on that date, see section 2704(c) of Pub. L. 104-
208, set out as a note under section 1821 of this title.


                    Effective Date of 1992 Amendment

    Amendment by Pub. L. 102-550 effective as if included in the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102-242, 
as of Dec. 19, 1991, except that where amendment is to any provision of 
law added or amended by Pub. L. 102-242 effective after Dec. 19, 1992, 
then amendment by Pub. L. 102-550 effective on effective date of 
amendment by Pub. L. 102-242, see section 1609 of Pub. L. 102-550, set 
out as a note under section 191 of this title.


                    Effective Date of 1991 Amendment

    Amendment by section 131(c)(3) of Pub. L. 102-242 effective 1 year 
after Dec. 19, 1991, see section 131(f) of Pub. L. 102-242, set out as a 
note under section 1464 of this title.
    Amendment by section 311(b)(5)(A) of Pub. L. 102-242 not applicable 
to any time deposit which was made before Dec. 19, 1991, and matures 
after end of 2-year period beginning Dec. 19, 1991, with rollovers and 
renewals treated as new deposits, see section 311(c)(2) of Pub. L. 102-
242, set out as a note under section 1821 of this title.


                    Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

    Amendment by Pub. L. 96-221 effective Mar. 31, 1980, see section 
308(e) of Pub. L. 96-221, set out as a note under section 1817 of this 
title.


                     Applicability of 1980 Amendment

    Section 308(a)(2) of Pub. L. 96-221 provided that: ``The amendments 
made by this subsection [amending this section and sections 1817 and 
1821 of this title] are not applicable to any claim arising out of the 
closing of a bank prior to the effective date of this section [see 
section 308(e) of Pub. L. 96-221, set out as a note under section 1817 
of this title].''


                    Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

    Amendment by Pub. L. 95-630 effective on expiration of 120 days 
after Nov. 10, 1978, see section 2101 of Pub. L. 95-630, set out as an 
Effective Date note under section 375b of this title.


                    Effective Date of 1974 Amendment

    Section 101(g) of Pub. L. 93-495 provided that: ``This section and 
the amendments made by it [amending this section and sections 1464, 
1724, 1728, 1757, 1787, 1817, and 1821 of this title] shall take effect 
on the thirtieth day beginning after the date of enactment of this Act 
[Oct. 28, 1974].''
    Section 102(b), (c) of Pub. L. 93-495 provided that:
    ``(b) The amendments made by this section [amending this section and 
sections 1817 and 1821 of this title] are not applicable to any claim 
arising out of the closing of a bank prior to the effective date of this 
section.
    ``(c) The amendments made by this section shall take effect on the 
thirtieth day beginning after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 
28, 1974].''


                    Effective Date of 1969 Amendment

    Section 7(b) of Pub. L. 91-151 provided that: ``The amendments made 
by this section [amending this section and sections 1817 and 1821 of 
this title] are not applicable to any claim arising out of the closing 
of a bank prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 1969].''


                    Effective Date of 1966 Amendment

    Section 301(e) of Pub. L. 89-695 provided that: ``The amendments 
made by this section [amending this section and sections 1817 and 1821 
of this title] shall not be applicable to any claim arising out of the 
closing of a bank where such closing is prior to the date of enactment 
of this Act [Oct. 16, 1966].''


                      Expiration of 1966 Amendment

    Pub. L. 91-609, title IX, Sec. 908, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1811, 
repealed section 401 of Pub. L. 89-695 which had provided that: ``The 
provisions of titles I and II of this Act [amending this section and 
sections 1464, 1730, 1817 to 1820 of this title, repealing section 77 of 
this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section 
and sections 1464 and 1730 of this title] and any provisions of law 
enacted by said titles shall be effective only during the period ending 
at the close of June 30, 1972. Effective upon the expiration of such 
period, each provision of law amended by either of such titles is 
further amended to read as it did immediately prior to the enactment of 
this Act [Oct. 16, 1966] and each provision of law repealed by either of 
such titles is reenacted''.


                    Effective Date of 1960 Amendment

    Amendment by Pub. L. 86-671 effective Jan. 1, 1961, see section 7 of 
Pub. L. 86-671, set out as a note under section 1817 of this title.

          Termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

    For termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, see note 
set out preceding section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular 
Possessions.


Conditions Governing Employment of Personnel Not Repealed, Modified, or 
                                Affected

    Section 206 of title II of Pub. L. 89-695 provided that: ``Nothing 
contained in this title [amending this section and sections 1817 to 1820 
of this title and repealing section 77 of this title] shall be construed 
to repeal, modify, or affect the provisions of section 19 of the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1829).''

                  Section Referred to in Other Sections

    This section is referred to in sections 24, 24a, 30, 43, 93, 191, 
248, 265, 347b, 371b-2, 375b, 461, 504, 505, 506, 1422, 1441, 1441a, 
1462, 1462a, 1464, 1467, 1467a, 1715z-14, 1735f-7a, 1759, 1785, 1786, 
1786a, 1790d, 1815, 1817, 1820a, 1828, 1828a, 1828b, 1831q, 1831r, 
1831w, 1832, 1834, 1834a, 1834b, 1835, 1835a, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1847, 
1861, 1953, 1972, 2013, 2122, 2245, 2278a-3, 2278b-4, 2802, 2804, 2902, 
2903, 2906, 2907, 3101, 3102, 3103, 3104, 3105, 3108, 3110, 3350, 3413, 
3902, 3909, 4009, 4204, 4224, 4309, 4421, 4702, 4713, 4742, 4801, 4805a, 
4808, 4809, 4909 of this title; title 7 sections 1a, 6f, 27; title 10 
sections 4357, 6975, 9356; title 11 sections 101, 109, 781; title 15 
sections 57a, 77c, 78c, 78m, 78o, 78o-5, 78q, 80a-2, 80a-17, 80a-26, 
80a-34, 80b-3, 80b-10a, 1607, 1679a, 1681s, 1691c, 1692l, 1693o, 6701, 
6716, 6805, 6809, 6825; title 18 sections 20, 656, 1004, 1005, 1906, 
2113; title 20 section 1085; title 22 section 5426; title 26 sections 
42, 414; title 29 section 1134; title 31 sections 5312, 5318, 5318A, 
5321, 5326; title 42 sections 669a, 5318a, 9601.